4 research outputs found

    PharmacocinĂ©tique de population du candesartan chez des patients atteints d’insuffisance cardiaque chronique

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    Contexte: L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est un syndrome clinique complexe regroupant un large spectre de mĂ©canismes pathologiques qui peuvent altĂ©rer le fonctionnement de multiples organes, affectant ainsi la pharmacocinĂ©tique (PK) des mĂ©dicaments. La modĂ©lisation pharmacocinĂ©tique de population (Pop-PK) consiste Ă  appliquer des modĂšles non linĂ©aires Ă  effets mixtes dans le but de dĂ©crire l’exposition au traitement et quantifier la variabilitĂ© au niveau des paramĂštres PK. Objectif: Ce travail vise Ă  Ă©valuer par approche populationnelle la PK du candesartan en IC et Ă  dĂ©terminer les covariables dĂ©crivant d’une façon statistiquement et cliniquement significative la variabilitĂ© au niveau de la clairance. MĂ©thodes: Les donnĂ©es d’une Ă©tude pharmacogĂ©nomique ouverte, multicentrique et prospective ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©cupĂ©rĂ©es pour amorcer notre analyse. Le processus de modĂ©lisation et les simulations nĂ©cessaires sont rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă  l’aide du logiciel NONMEM (Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling). Les covariables prĂ©liminaires ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es par des tests statistiques tels que la rĂ©gression linĂ©aire et l’ANOVA. Enfin, l’élaboration du modĂšle final est effectuĂ©e en utilisant le processus de sĂ©lection sĂ©quentielle « forward/backward ». RĂ©sultats: Un total de 281 patients caucasiens ont Ă©tĂ© inclus pour dĂ©velopper le modĂšle Pop-PK. Les donnĂ©es du candesartan ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©es par un modĂšle Ă  un compartiment avec absorption de premier ordre et temps de latence. Le poids, l'Ăąge, la fraction N-terminale du pro-peptide natriurĂ©tique de type b (NT_proBNP), le dĂ©bit de filtration glomĂ©rulaire (DFG), le diabĂšte, l'utilisation du furosĂ©mide et le sexe Ă©taient les covariables sĂ©lectionnĂ©es prĂ©liminairement pour la clairance apparente (CL/F). Le modĂšle final dĂ©veloppĂ© pour la clairance apparente est reprĂ©sentĂ© par l'Ă©quation suivante : CL/F (L/h) = 8.63*(Poids/82.45)0.963 * (DFG/74)0.56 * (0.682) DiabĂšte * EXP0.138 Les simulations ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu'une diminution importante de la clairance orale (diminution de plus que 25 %) est obtenue en combinant les facteurs significatifs retenus dans le modĂšle final (patients ayant un faible poids corporel avec une insuffisance rĂ©nale modĂ©rĂ©e Ă  sĂ©vĂšre et patients diabĂ©tiques avec une insuffisance rĂ©nale faible Ă  modĂ©rĂ©e). Nous avons constatĂ© que les patients ayant ces combinaisons dans notre base de donnĂ©es prĂ©sentaient des concentrations comparables Ă  celles des autres patients malgrĂ© qu’ils aient tolĂ©rĂ© de plus faibles doses pendant la titration. Conclusion: La modĂ©lisation PK de population a servi comme une approche efficace pour caractĂ©riser la PK du candesartan en IC et pour identifier une sous-population Ă  risque d’une exposition Ă©levĂ©e. Le poids, le DFG et le diabĂšte sont des prĂ©dicteurs indĂ©pendants de la clairance du candesartan en IC. ConsidĂ©rant ces facteurs, une approche plus individualisĂ©e de l'administration du candesartan est nĂ©cessaire chez les patients atteints d’IC.Context: Heart failure (HF) is a clinical condition that causes pathological changes all over the body affecting hence the pharmacokinetic of drugs. Population pharmacokinetic modeling (Pop-PK) consists in applying non-linear mixed-effects models to characterize treatment exposure and quantify PK parameters variability. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) of candesartan in HF patients while examining statistically and clinically significant covariates on estimated clearance using population pharmacokinetics (Pop-PK) modeling approach. Methods: Data from a prospective, multicenter, open label, pharmacogenomic study were available for this analysis. Modeling and simulations were conducted using Nonlinear Mixed-Effect Modeling software NONMEM. Preliminary selection of covariates was accomplished with statistical tests (linear regression and ANOVA). Final model development was performed using forward/backward selection approach on the preliminarily selected covariates. Results: A total of 281 Caucasian patients were included to develop the Pop-PK model. Candesartan data were characterized by a 1 compartment model with first order absorption and lag time. Weight, age, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT_proBNP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), diabetes, use of furosemide and sex were the preliminarily selected covariates for apparent clearance (CL/F). The final model developed for apparent clearance is represented by the following equation: CL/F (L/h) = 8.63*(Weight/82.45)0.963 * (eGFR/74)0.56 * (0.682) Diabetes * EXP0.138 Simulations revealed that an important decrease in oral clearance (decrease of more than 25%) is obtained with the combination of the significant factors retained in the final model (patients having low weight with moderately to severely impaired renal function and diabetic with mildly to moderately impaired renal function). Patients having these combinations in our database were found to achieve comparable concentrations to the rest of patients despite tolerating only lower doses. Conclusion: Population pharmacokinetic modeling provided an effective approach to characterize the PK of candesartan in HF and to identify a subpopulation at potential risk of high exposure. Weight, eGFR and diabetes are independent predictors of candesartan clearance in patients with HF. Considering these factors, a more individualized approach of candesartan dosing is needed in HF patients

    Zoonotic Tuberculosis: A Neglected Disease in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

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    Mycobacterium bovis is the etiologic agent of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a serious infectious disease in both humans and animals. BTB is a zoonotic disease primarily affecting cattle and occasionally humans infected through close contact with infected hosts or the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Zoonotic tuberculosis is strongly associated with poverty and poor hygiene, and low- and middle-income countries bear the brunt of the disease. BTB has been increasingly recognized as a growing public health threat in developing countries. However, the lack of effective surveillance programs in many of these countries poses a barrier to accurately determining the true burden of this disease. Additionally, the control of BTB is threatened by the emergence of drug-resistant strains that affect the effectiveness of current treatment regimens. Here, we analyzed current trends in the epidemiology of the disease as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of M. bovis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, a region that includes several developing countries. Following PRISMA guidelines, a total of 90 studies conducted in the MENA region were selected. Our findings revealed that the prevalence of BTB among humans and cattle varied significantly according to the population size and country in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on culture and/or PCR strategies and were published without including data on antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing. Our findings highlighted the paramount need for the use of appropriate diagnostic tools and the implementation of sustainable control measures, especially at the human/animal interface, in the MENA region
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